Substituted bicyclic lactones

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel substituted bicyclic lactones, to processes for their preparation and to their use for the prevention and/or treatment of disorders caused by hyper- or hypofunction of the glutamatergic system, in particular of cerebral ischaemias, cranial cerebral trauma, states of pain or CNS-mediated spasms.

The present invention relates to substituted bicyclic lactones, to processes for their preparation and to their use as pharmaceuticals.

The amino acid L-glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate receptors can be divided into two major classes: 1. ionotropic receptors which control ion channels directly and 2. metabotropic receptors (mGluRs).

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are a heterogeneous class of G-protein-coupled receptors. Pre- and postsynaptically, they modulate the release of glutamate and the sensitivity of the cell to glutamate, respectively. The effects are caused via different second-messenger cascades. This response, in turn, has an effect on the ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Presently, 8 different subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors are known, differing in the second-messenger cascade, pharmacology and localization in the brain (review in: Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1997, 37, 205).

The present invention relates to substituted bicyclic lactones of the general formula (I)

in which

A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a)—CHR⁵—,

 in which

a represents a number 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,

R⁴ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and

R⁵ represents phenyl, or

represents (C₂-C₈)-alkanediyl, (C₂-C₆)-alkenediyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkinediyl,

R¹ represents hydrogen, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or represents a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle which may contain up to 3 hetero-atoms from the group consisting of S, O and N and/or a radical of the formula —NR⁶,

 in which

R⁶ represents hydrogen or methyl, or

represents a 5- to 6-membered benzo-fused heterocycle which may contain up to 2 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, O and N and/or a radical of the formula —NR⁷, and which may be attached both via the phenyl ring and via the heterocycle,

 in which

R⁷ has the meaning of R⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or

represents radicals of the formulae

 in which

b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or

represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl,

where all of the ring systems listed above are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy and (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano and halogen,

and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₂-C₆)-alkylene, which for their part may be substituted by halogen, (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or by radicals of the formula —SR⁸, —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰R¹¹ or

 in which

R⁸ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or phenyl,

R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, or

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G represents an oxygen atom, a —CH₂ group or a radical of the formula —NR¹²—,

 in which

R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy-carbonyl or a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O,

and/or are substituted by groups of the formulae —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹,

 in which

R¹³ represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₉)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

(C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or by a 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O,

 in which

d represents a number 1 or 2, or

represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano or halogen,

R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy,

R¹⁶ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl,

R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₁₂)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, phenoxy or a 5-to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 hetero-atoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, where aryl and the heterocycle for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro or halogen,

and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which

e represents a number 0 or 1 and

R²² represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which is optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, or

represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, hydroxyl, nitro and halogen, or

represents a radical of the formula

 in which

L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen or halogen,

R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁹ represents (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, or represents (C₁-C₈)-alkyl or (C₂-C₈)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷,

 in which

R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical or different and represent (C₁-C₆)-alkyl,

R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl or a 5- to 6-membered, aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, or

represent (C₂-C₈)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₁₂)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl or by a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, halogen, phenoxy, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl,

and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹ is optionally substituted by radicals of the formulae

 in which

R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or

represents a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or

R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and

D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which

R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl,

R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl, carboxyl or (C₁ -C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,

 in which

R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl or (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which for its part is substituted by halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,

 in which

R³⁸ represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl,

R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₆)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C, -C₆)-acyloxy, or

R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and

R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl,

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The compounds according to the invention can exist in stereoisomeric forms which either behave as image and mirror image (enantiomers), or which do not behave as image and mirror image (diastereomers). The invention relates both to the enantiomers or diastereomers and their respective mixtures. Like the diastereomers, the racemic forms can be separated into the stereochemically uniform components in a known manner.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds according to the invention can be salts of the substances according to the invention with mineral acids, carboxylic acids or sulphonic acids. Particular preference is given, for example, to salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid, ethanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid, naphthalenedisulphonic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, mateic acid or benzoic acid.

Salts which can be mentioned are salts with customary bases, such as, for example, alkali metal salts (for example sodium or potassium salts), alkaline earth metal salts (for example calcium or magnesium salts) or ammonium salts, derived from ammonia or organic amines, such as, for example, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethyldulsopropylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine, dihydroabietylamine, 1-ephenamine or methylpiperidine.

In the context of the invention, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl and (C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl represent cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl. Preferred examples which may be mentioned are: cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.

In general, (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl represents an aromatic radical having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferred aryl radicals are phenyl and naphthyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, (C₁-C₉)-alkyl, (C₁-C₈)-alkyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl represent a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 12, 1 to 9, 1 to 8 and 1 to 6 carbon atoms, respectively. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₂-C₈)-alkanediyl represents a straight-chain or branched alkanediyl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkanediyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are ethylene, propylene, propane-1,2-diyl, propane-2,2-diyl, butane-1,3-diyl, butane-2,4-diyl, pentane-2,4-diyl, 2-methyl-pentane-2,4-diyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₂-C₆)-alkenediyl represents a straight-chain or branched alkenediyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 3 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are ethene-1,2-diyl, ethene-1,1-diyl, propene-1,1-diyl, propene-1,2-diyl, propene-1,3-diyl, propene-3,3-diyl, propene-2,3-diyl, but-2-ene-1,4-diyl, pent-2-ene-1,4-diyl, hex-2-ene-1,4-diyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₂-C₆)-alkinediyl represents a straight-chain or branched alkinediyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are ethine-1,2-diyl, propine-1,3-diyl, but-2-ine-1,4-diyl, pent-2-ine-1,4-diyl, hex-2-ine-1,4-diyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₁-C₆ )-alkoxy represents a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are: methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy and n-hexoxy.

In the context of the invention, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl represents a straight-chain or branched alkoxycarbonyl radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkoxycarbonyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are: methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n-propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl and t-butoxycarbonyl.

In the context of the invention, (C₂-C₈)-alkenyl and (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl represent a straight-chain or branched alkenyl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 carbon atoms, respectively. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkenyl radical having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are: vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl and n-but-2-en-1-yl.

In the context of the invention, (C₂-C₆)-alkinyl represents a straight-chain or branched alkinyl radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Preference is given to a straight-chain or branched alkinyl radical having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples which may be mentioned are: ethenyl, n-prop-2-in-1-yl and n-but-2-in-1-yl.

In the context of the invention, a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle generally represents a 5- to 6-membered, optionally also aromatic, heterocycle which may contain up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, O and/or N or a radical of the formula —NH or —NCH₃. Examples which may be mentioned are: pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, piperidinyl or morpholinyl. Preference is given to pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, furyl and thiazolyl.

In the context of the invention, a 5- to 6-membered, benzo-fused heterocycle generally represents a 5- to 6-membered, preferably 5-membered heterocycle having up to 2 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, O, N and/or a radical of formula —NH, whose ring carbon atoms are the attachment points for the benzene ring. Examples which may be mentioned are: indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl or quinazolyl. Preference is given to benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolyl, benzothiophenyl and benzofuranyl.

Preference is given to compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention, in which

A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a) — CHR⁵—,

 in which

a represents a number 0, 1, 2 or 3.

R represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl. and

R⁵ represents phenyl, or

represents (C₂-C₆)-alkanediyl, (C₂-C₄)-alkenediyl or (C₂-C₄)-alkinediyl,

R¹ represents hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, thienyl, furyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalinyl or quinolyl, or

represents radicals of the formulae

 in which

b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or

represents phenyl or naphthyl,

where all of the ring systems listed above may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl or benzyloxy, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine,

and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₅)-alkyl and (C₂-C₄)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, phenyl, naphthyl or by radicals of the formula —SR⁸, —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰R¹¹ or

 in which

R⁸ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or phenyl,

R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, or

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G represents an oxygen atom, a —CH₂— group or a radical of the formula —NR¹²—,

 in which

R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or furyl,

and/or are substituted by groups of the formula —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹,

 in which

R¹³ represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₈)-alkyl or (C₂-C₅)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

 phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl ievt orfuI

 in which

d represents a number 1 or 2, or

represents phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano, fluorine, chlorine or bromine,

R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₅)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy,

R¹⁶ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl,

R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₂-C₄)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy naphthyl, pyridyl, thienyl or furyl, where the ring systems for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine,

and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which

e represents a number 0 or 1 and

R²² represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, or

represents phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, furyl or pyridyl, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or

represents a radical of the formula

 in which

L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen fluorine, chlorine or bromine,

R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁹ represents cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₁-C₇)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷,

 in which

R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical or different and represent (C₁-C₄)-alkyl,

R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl or pyrryl, or

represent (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl or (C₃-C₆)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl or pyrryl, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenoxy, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl,

and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹ is optionally substituted by radicals of the formulae

 in which

R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, or

represent a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or

R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and

D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which

R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl,

R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-carbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl carboxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,

 in which

R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by trifluoromethyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,

 in which

R³⁸ represents phenyl or methyl,

R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent fluorine, chlorine, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₄)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-acyloxy, or

R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁹ represents hydrogen or methyl, and

R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl,

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Particular preference is given to compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention

in which

A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a)—CHR⁵—

 in which

a represents a number 0, 1, 2 or 3,

R⁴ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl and

R⁵ represents phenyl, or

represents (C₂-C₄)-alkanediyl, propenediyl or (C₂-C₃)-alkinediyl,

R¹ represents hydrogen, cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl, or

represents benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, thienyl, quinazolyl or quinoxalinyl, or

represents radicals of the formulae

 in which

b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or

represent phenyl or naphthyl,

where all of the ring systems listed above are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or benzyloxy, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by chlorine, bromine, iodine or phenyl or by radicals of the formula —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰R¹¹ or

 in which

R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, or

R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G represents an oxygen atom or a radical of the formula —NR¹²,

 in which

R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or furyl,

and/or are substituted by groups of the formulae —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹,

 in which

R¹³ represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or allyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

phenyl, naphthyl or pyridyl,

 in which

d represents a number 1 or 2, or

represents phenyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano, chlorine or bromine,

R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, cyclohexyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of chlorine and (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy,

R¹⁶ represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl,

R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₈)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, thienyl or furyl, where the ring systems for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine,

and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which

e is a number 0 or 1 and

R²² represents (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, or

represents phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl or furyl, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or

represents a radical of the formula

 in which

L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine,

R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R¹⁹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or (C₃-C₅)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of chlorine, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷,

 in which

R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical and represent methyl,

R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl, thiazolyl or pyrryl, or represent (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₇)-alkyl or (C₃-C₅)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl or pyrryl, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenoxy, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₃)-alkyl,

and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹ is optionally substituted by radicals of the formulae

 in which

R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, or

R²⁰ or R²¹ represent a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning,

R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or methyl, and

D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which

R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl,

R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarboxyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,

 in which

R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₃)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by trifluoromethyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,

 in which

R³⁸ represents methyl,

R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent fluorine, chlorine, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₃)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-acyloxy, or

R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which

R³⁹ represents hydrogen or methyl, and

R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl,

and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Preference is likewise given to compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention in which A represents the —CH₂— group and R¹ represents phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl.

Very particular preference is given to the structures listed in the table below:

Moreover, processes for preparing the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention have been found which are characterized in that

[A] compounds of the general formula (II)

 in which

D, E, R² and R³ are as defined above,

are reacted with compounds of the general formula (III),

T—A—R¹  (III)

 in which

T represents halogen, preferably bromine, and

A and R¹ are as defined above,

in inert solvents and in the presence of a base, or

[B] in the case that D and E together represent the radical , compounds of the general formula (IV)

 in which

R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are identical or different and represent C₁-C₄-alkyl,

are initially, as described under [A], reacted in the presence of a base with compounds of the general formula (III) to give compounds of the general formula (V)

 in which

R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, A and R¹ are as defined above,

and then cyclized,

subsequently hydrolysed to give a monocarboxylic acid monoester [formula (V), R⁴⁰=H] and finally reduced in the presence of a reducing agent and cyclized to give a bicyclic lactone of the general formula (VI)

 in which

R¹ is as defined above,

and the substituent R¹ is, if appropriate, derivatized.

The process according to the invention can be illustrated in an exemplary manner by the formula scheme below:

Suitable solvents are all inert solvents which do not change under the reaction conditions. These preferably include ethers, such as diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, glycol dimethyl ether or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Particular preference is given to tetrahydrofuran.

Suitable bases are the customary inorganic or organic bases. These preferably include alkali metal hydroxides, such as, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, or sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide, or sodium ethoxide or potassium ethoxide or potassium tert-butoxide, or amides, such as sodium amide, lithium bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide, lithium diisopropylamide, or organometallic compounds, such as butyllithium or phenyllithium. Preference is given to lithium diisopropylamide and lithium bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide.

Here, the base is employed in an amount of from 1 to 5, preferably from 1 to 2 mol, based on 1 mol of the compounds of the general formulae (II) and (V.

The reactions are generally carried out in a temperature range of from −78° C. to reflux temperature, preferably from −78° C. to −20° C.

The reactions can be carried out at atmospheric pressure or elevated or reduced pressure (for example from 0.5 to 5 bar). In general, the reactions are carried out at atmospheric pressure.

In the context of the invention, derivatizations which may be mentioned as being preferred are dihydroxylations, reductions and ether synthesis at the radical D and E. Starting with the exomethylene-substituted bicycles, the corresponding dihydroxy compounds are prepared with osmium tetroxide/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide in inert solvents, and the corresponding reduced compounds are prepared with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in inert solvents. Likewise, it is possible, starting from hydroxy-substituted bicycles, to introduce the ether functions using the corresponding alkyl halides in the presence of bases.

The derivatizations can be illustrated in an exemplary manner by the following formula scheme:

Here, suitable solvents are inert organic solvents which do not change under the reaction conditions. These include halogenated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloromethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane or trichloroethylene, hydrocarbon, such as benzene, xylene, toluo, hexane, cyclohexane, or mineral oil fractions, nitromethane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile or hexamethylphosphoric triamide. It is also possible to use mixtures of the solvents. Particular preference is given to dichloromethane.

Suitable bases for the derivatizations are the customary basic compounds. These preferably include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or barium hydroxide, alkali metal hydride, such as sodium hydride, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or alkali metal alkoxides, such as, for example, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide or potassium ethoxide, or potassium tert-butoxide, or organic amines, such as benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, pyridine, triethylamine or N-methylpiperidine.

The derivatizations are generally carried out in a temperature range from −20° C. to 150° C., preferably at from 0° C. to 25° C.

The derivatizations are generally carried out under atmospheric pressure. However, it is also possible to carry out the processes under reduced pressure or under elevated pressure (for example in a range from 0.5 to 5 bar).

When carrying out the derivatizations, the bases are generally employed in an amount of from 1 to 3 mol, preferably from 1 to 1.5 mol, based on 1 mol of the carboxylic acid in question.

The compounds of the general formulae (II) and (III) are known per se or can be prepared by customary methods.

The compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention are suitable for use as medicaments in the treatment of humans and animals.

The compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention are suitable for modulating metabotropic glutamate receptors and therefore influence the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system.

For the purpose of the invention, a modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor is an agonist or antagonist of this receptor.

The compounds according to the invention are particularly suitable as modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor of subtype 1, very particularly as antagonists of this receptor subtype.

Owing to their pharmacological properties, the compounds according to the invention can be used, on their own or in combination with other pharmaceuticals, for the treatment and/or prevention of neuronal damage or disorders associated with a decompensation of the physiological or with pathophysiological conditions of the glutamatergic system in the central and peripheral nervous system.

For the treatment and/or prevention of neuronal damage caused, for example, by ischaemic, thromb- and/or thrombemolic, and haemorrhagic stroke, conditions after direct and indirect injuries in the area of the brain and the skull. Furthermore for the treatment and/or prevention of cerebral ischaemias after all surgical interventions in the brain or peripheral organs or body parts and conditions of pathogenic or allergic nature accompanying or preceding them, which can lead primarily and/or secondarily to neuronal damage.

Likewise, the compounds according to the invention are also suitable for the therapy of primary and/or secondary pathological conditions of the brain, for example during or after cerebral vasospasms, hypoxia and/or anoxia of previously unmentioned origin, perinatal asphyxia, autoimmune disorders, metabolic and organ disorders which can be accompanied by damage to the brain, and also damage to the brain as a result of primary brain disorders, for example convulsive conditions and artero- and/or arteriosclerotic changes. For the treatment of chronic or psychiatric conditions such as, for example, depression, neurodegenerative disorders, such as, for example, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neurodegeneration due to acute and/or chronic viral or bacterial infections and multiinfarct dementia.

Moreover, they can be used as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of dementias of different origin, impaired brain performance owing to old age, memory disturbances, spinal injuries, states of pain, states of anxiety of different origin, medicament-related Parkinson's syndrome, psychoses (such as, for example, schizophrenia), brain oedma, neuronal damage after hypoglycaemia, emesis, nausea, obesity, addiction and withdrawal syndromes, CNS-mediated spasms, sedation and motor disturbances.

Furthermore, the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention can be used for promoting neuronal regeneration in the post-acute phase of cerebral injuries or chronic disorders of the nervous system.

They are preferably employed as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cerebral ischaemias, cranial cerebral trauma, states of pain or CNS-mediated spasms (such as, for example, epilepsy).

The modulation of substances at the metabotropic glutamate receptor (direct or indirect effect on the coupling efficiency of the glutamate receptor to G-proteins) can be examined using primary cultures of granular cells from the cerebellum. Electrophysiological measurements on these cell cultures in the “cell attached” mode show that L-type Ca²⁺-channels in this preparation are activated by mGluRl-glutamate receptors (J. Neurosci. 1995, 15, 135), whereas they are blocked by group II receptors (J. Neurosci. 1994. 14, 7067-7076). By an appropriate experimental arrangement, it is possible to monitor the modulatory effect of pharmacological test substances on glutamate receptors. Detailed examination of subtype specificity under controlled conditions can be carried out by injecting the appropriate mGluR subtype DNA into Xenopus oocytes (WO 92/10583).

Using the test models below, it is possible to demonstrate the antiischaemic activity of the compounds in vivo.

Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in the Rat (MCA-O)

Under isoflurane anaesthesia, the medium cerebral artery is exposed on one side and the latter and its side branches are irreversibly sealed by means of electrocoagulation. As a result of the intervention a cerebral infarct is formed. During the operation, the body temperature of the animal is kept at 37° C. After wound closure and wearing off of the anaesthesia, the animals are again released into their cage. The administration of substance is carried out according to different time schemes and via different administration routes (i.v., i.p.) after occlusion. The infarct size is determined after 7 days. To do this, the brain is removed, worked up histologically and the infarct volume is determined with the aid of a computer-assisted analysis system.

Subdural Haematoma in the Rat (SDH)

Under anaesthesia, the animal's own blood is injected subdurally on one side. An infarct is formed under the haematoma. Substance administration is carried out according to different time schemes and via different administration routes (i.v., i.p.). The determination of the infarct size is carried out as described in the model of permanent focal ischaemia in the rat (MCA-O).

Using the method described in NeuroReport 1996, 7, 1469-1474, it is possible to test for antiepileptic activity.

The suitability of the compounds according to the invention for testing can be determined by the methods described in Science 1998, 281, 1349-1352 and Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 316, 129-136.

The present invention includes pharmaceutical preparations which, in addition to inert, non-toxic, pharmaceutically suitable auxiliaries and excipients, comprise one or more compounds of the general formula (I), or which consist of one or more active compounds of the formula (I), and processes for producing these preparations.

In these preparations, the active compounds of the formula (I) should be present in a concentration of from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 95% by weight, of the total mixture.

In addition to the active compounds of the formula (I), the pharmaceutical preparations may also comprise other pharmaceutically active compounds.

The abovementioned pharmaceutical preparations can be prepared in a customary manner by known methods, for example with the auxiliary/auxiliaries or excipient(s).

In general, it has proved advantageous to administer the active compound(s) of the formula (I) in total amounts of about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg, preferably in total amounts of about 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, of body weight per 24 hours, if appropriate in the form of a plurality of individual administrations, to achieve the desired result.

However, if appropriate, it may be advantageous to depart from the amounts mentioned, namely depending on the type and on the body weight of the object treated, on the individual response towards the medicament, the nature and severity of the disorder, the manner of formulation and administration, and the time or interval at which administration takes place.

General Section

Mobile Phases for Chromatography

I Dichloromethane/methanol

II Dichloromethane/ethanol

III Cyclohexane/ethyl acetate

IV Cyclohexane/dichloromethane

V Butyl acetate (200), butanol (26), acetic acid (100), phosphate buffer pH=6 (60)

Abbreviations

DME 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

HMPA Hexamethylphosphoric triamide

LiHMDS Lithium bistrimethylsilylamide

LDA Lithium diisopropylamide

MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ether

THF Tetrahydrofuran

STARTING MATERIALS Example 1A

cis-8-Oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-one

With stirring and ice-cooling, 80 ml of a solution of cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (15.4 g, 100 mmol) in THF are added over a period of 10 min to a mixture of sodium borohydride (3.8 g, 100 mmol) in 20 ml of THF. The ice-bath is removed and the mixture is stirred for 2 h. 40 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid are added carefully and the mixture is concentrated. 200 ml of water are added and the aqueous phase is extracted with ether. The organic phase is dried, filtered, concentrated and distilled under reduced pressure (123° C., 13 mm; 75° C., 0.5 mm).

Yield: 13.7 g (97%).

MS (CI): m/e=141 [M+H⁺]

Example 2A

cis-8-Oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-en-9-one

Cis-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (30.4 g, 200 mmol) in methanol (9 ml, 220 mmol) is heated at the boil for 1 h. Excess solyent is then evaporated. 33.2 g (180 mmol) of the resulting monomethyl ester are, at 0° C. and under argon, dissolved in 200 ml of dry dichloromethane and admixed dropwise with oxalyl chloride (32 g, 252 mmol). After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring at room temperature is continued for 3 h. The solyent is then removed under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in 75 ml of THF. This solution is then added dropwise to a solution, kept at −40° C. and under argon, of sodium borohydride (13.6 g, 360 mmol) in 750 ml of absolute ethanol. After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring at −40° C. is continued for 2 h, and the mixture is acidified to pH 2 using 4 N sulphuric acid and concentrated. The residue is admixed with 400 ml of water and extracted with MTBE. The ether phases are dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is then taken up in 200 ml of toluene, admixed with 10-camphorsulphonic acid (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) and heated in a water separator until TLC shows complete conversion. The solyent is then evaporated and the residue is distilled under reduced pressure (b.p.: 70° C./0.01 Torr).

Yield: 21.5 g (86.4%)

R_(f) (VII)=0.67

MS (CI): m/e=139 [M+H⁺]

Example 3A

cis-4-Methyl-8-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-one

With stirring and ice-cooling, 80 ml of a solution of 4-methylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride (16.8 g, 100 mmol) in THF are added over a period of 10 min to a mixture of sodium borohydride (3.8 g, 100 mmol) in 20 ml of THF. The ice-bath is removed and the mixture is stirred for 2 h. 40 ml of 6 N HCl are then added carefully and the mixture is concentrated. The residue is mixed with 200 ml of water and the aqueous phase is extracted with MTBE. The combined organic phases are then washed twice more with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. Purification is carried out by distillation under reduced pressure. Yield: 10.3 g (65.3%).

MS (CI): m/e=155 [M+H⁺]

Example 4A

cis-4-Oxa-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^(2.6)]dec-8-en-3-one

cis-Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (32.8 g, 200 mmol) in methanol (9 ml, 220 mmol) is heated at the boil for 1 h. Excess solyent is then evaporated. Under argon and at 0° C., 13.5 g (74.3 mmol) of the resulting monomethyl ester are dissolved in 90 ml of dry dichloromethane and admixed dropwise with oxalyl chloride (8.8 ml, 104 mmol). After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring at room temperature is continued for 3 h. The solyent is then removed under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in 35 ml of THF. This solution is then added dropwise to a solution, kept at −40° C. and under argon, of sodium borohydride (5.5 g, 136 mmol) in 340 ml of absolute ethanol. After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring at −40° C. is continued for 2 h, and the mixture is acidified to pH 2 using 4 N sulphuric acid and concentrated. The residue is admixed with 400 ml of water and extracted with MTBE. The ether phases are dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is then taken up in 65 ml of toluene, admixed with 35 mg of 10-camphorsulphonic acid and heated in a water separator until TLF shows complete conversion. The solyent is then evaporated and the residue is distilled under reduced pressure.

Yield: 6.4 g (57.4.%)

R_(f) (VII)=0.33

MS (CI): m/e=151 [M+H⁺]

Example 5A

cis-4-Oxa-tricyclo[5.2.2.0^(2.6)]undec-8-en-3-one

With stirring and ice-cooling, 23 ml of a solution of cis-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (5.5 g, 30.9 mmol) in THF are added over a period of 10 min to a mixture of sodium borohydride (1.1 g, 30.9 mmol) in 8 ml of THF. The ice-bath is removed and the mixture is stirred for 3 h. 12 ml of 6 N HCl are then added carefully and the mixture is concentrated. 100 ml of water are added and the aqueous phase is extracted with MTB ether. The organic phase is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over magnesium sulphate and filtered and concentrated.

Yield: 4.8 g (94.7%)

R_(f) (VII)=0.68

MS (CI): m/e=165 [M+H⁺]

Example 6A

cis-4-Oxa-tetracyclo-[5.3.2.0^(2.6)0^(8.10)]dodec-11-en-3-one

Tricyclo[3.2.2.0^(2.4)]non-8-ene-6,7-dicarboxylic anhydride (35.2 g, 200 mmol) in methanol (9 ml, 220 mmol) is heated at the boil for 1 h. The excess solyent is then evaporated. Under argon and at 0° C., 37.4 g (180 mmol) of the resulting monomethyl ester are dissolved in 200 ml of dry dichloromethane and admixed dropwise with oxalyl chloride (21 ml, 250 mmol). After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring at room temperature is continued for 3 h. The solyent is then removed under reduced pressure and the residue is dissolved in 95 ml of THF. This solution is then added dropwise to a solution, kept at −40° C. and under argon, of sodium borohydride (13.6 g, 360 mmol) in 750 ml of absolute ethanol. After the evolution of gas has ceased, stirring is continued at −40° C. for 2 h, and the mixture is acidified to pH 2 using 4 N sulphuric acid and concentrated. The residue is admixed with 400 ml of water and extracted with MTBE. The ether phases are dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is then taken up in 200 ml of toluene, admixed with 10-camphorsulphonic acid (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) and heated in a water separator until TLC shows complete conversion. The solyent is then evaporated and the residue distilled under reduced pressure. Yield: 11.4 g (36.0%)

R_(f) (VII)=0.64

MS (CI): m/e=177 [M+H⁺]

Example 7A

3-(2-Napththylmethyl)-5H-furan-2-one

Butyllithium (60 ml, 150 mmol, 2.5 M in THF) is added to furyl tetramethylphosphorodiamidate (30 g) 137.5 mmol) in 170 ml of dry THF, under argon, cooled to −78° C., at such a rate that the internal temperature does not exceed −60° C. The resulting solution is once more cooled to −78° C. and, after 10 min, a solution of 2-bromomethylhaphthalene (38 g, 171.9 mmol) in 60 ml of THF is added dropwise over a period of 5 min, during which the temperature should not exceed −55° C. The mixture is then warmed to 0° C. and concentrated to about 50 ml. 75 ml of water and 125 ml of ethyl acetate are added, the phases are separated and the dark aqueous phase is extracted twice with in each case 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases are washed with sat. NaCl solution, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. In an ice-bath, the residue is mixed with 60 ml of formic acid, and the mixture is stirred until the evolution of gas has ceased (about 45 min, ice-bath removed after 10 min); 125 ml of toluene are added and the solution is concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is admixed with 250 ml of ethyl acetate and 75 ml of a salt solution (37 g of NaCl and 22 g of NaCO₃, dissolved in 200 ml of water). The organic phase is separated off and washed twice with in each case 45 ml of the salt solution, the wash phases are washed with ethyl acetate and the combined organic phase is dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography (cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 20:1, then 3:1).

Yield 11.9 g (38.6%).

R_(f) (VI)=0.17

MS (CI): m/e=225 [M+H⁺]

Example 8A

(3aS*,6aR*)-5-Methylidene-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

At −15° C., a solution of 2-methoxycarbonyl-4-methylidenecyclopentanecarboxylic acid (189.2 g; 1.027 mol) in THF (1 L) was admixed with triethylamine (156.6 ml; 1.130 mol) and ethyl chloroformate (18.2 ml; 1.027 mol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The precipitate was filtered off with suction and the filtrate was concentrated, taken up in methanol (1 L), NaBH₄ (97.146 g; 2.568 mol) was added a little at a time at −15° C. and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. For work-up, the mixture was admixed with 1 N HCl, saturated with NaCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated, and the crude product was purified by chromatography.

Yield: 82.03 g (58%)

R_(f) (II, 50:1) 0.42

MS (EI): m/e=138 [M⁺]

Example 9A

3aS*,6aS*)-6a-Naphthalen-2-yl-5-methylidene-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

At −78° C., a solution of the compound from Example 8A (7.0 g, 50.66 mmol) in toluene (25 ml) was added to a solution of LiHMDS (1M in THF, 50.7 ml, 50.7 mmol) diluted with toluene (50 ml). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for another 60 min and then admixed with the alkylating agent (2-naphthylmethyl bromide, 8.62 g, 38.97 mmol). After 14 h at room temperature, NH₄—Cl solution was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate via a frit, purified by MPLC;

Yield: 7.33 mg (52%)

R_(f) (III, 5:1)=0.34

MS (EI): m/e=278 [M+H⁺]

The enantiomers (Example 10A fraction 1, and Example 10B fraction 2) were isolated by preparative HPLC (Chiralpak AS, isopropanol/petroleum ether 40-70° C. 20:80).

Example 10A

di-n-Butyl cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylate

1 g (6.94 mmol) of cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid in 50 ml of n-butanol were heated under reflux with 0.3 g of conc. H₂SO₄ for 90 min. The mixture was then concentrated to about 5 ml and poured into dil. NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated. Purification was carried out chromatographically over silica gel (mobile phase: petroleum ether:ethyl acetate 100:2>100:5).

¹H-NMR (200 Mhz; [d⁶]-DMSO) δ [ppm]: 0.9 (t; 6H), 1.48 (m; 4H), 1.60 (q; 4H), 2.20 (m; 2H), 2.38 (m; 2H), 4.07 (dt; 2H), 4.08 (dt; 2H).

Example 11A

di-n-Butyl 1-(naphth-2-ylmethyl)-cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylate

Under argon, 0.77 g (3 mmol) of di-n-butyl cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylate was dissolved in 15 ml of dry THF, and the mixture was cooled to −70° C. 3.3 ml of a 1 molar solution of lithium bis-(hexamethyldisilazide) in THF are added dropwise at −70° C., and 0.73 g (3 mmol) of 2-(bromomethyl)-naphthalene is then added all at once. The mixture is allowed to warm rapidly to room temperature and stirred another 16 h. The mixture is then admixed with ammonium chloride solution, extracted three times with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated. Purification is carried out chromatographically over silica gel (mobile phase: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate 100:3.5). Yield 0.49 g (41.2%).

¹H-NMR (200 Mhz; CDCl₃) δ [ppm]: 0.89 (t; 3H), 0.93 (t; 3H), 1.38 (br m; 4H), 1.55 (br m; 4H), 1.9-2.5 (br m; 4H), 3.2 (dd; 1H), 3.24 (d; 1H), 3.30 (d; 1H), 4.06 (t; 2H), 4.07 (t; 4H), 7.28 (dd; 1H), 7.47 (m; 2H), 7.63 (s; 1H), 7.73-7.82 (m: 3H).

MS (ESI)[m/e]: 397 (32; M+H), 323 (60, M—OC₄H₉), 249 (100, 323-C₄H₉OH).

Example 12A

Mono-n-butyl 1-(naphth-2-ylmethyl)-cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylate

0.5 g (1.26 mmol) of di-n-butyl 1-(naphth-2-ylmethyl)-cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylate was stirred in 15 ml of conc. hydrochloric acid for 3 h. The mixture was then concentrated and dried under high vacuum. The product was reacted further in crude form.

PREPARATION EXAMPLES Example 1 and Example 2

(3aS*,5R*,6aS*)-5-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one (Example 1) and (3aS*,5S*,6aS*)-5-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one (Example 2)

A mixture of the compound from Example 9A (1.0 g; 3.59 mmol), N-methyl-morpholine N-oxide (0.84 g: 7.2 mmol), osmium tetroxide (2.5% in t-butanol; 1.34 ml) in acetone/water (9:1, 27 ml) was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The mixture was admixed with 40% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (0.6 ml), stirred for another 30 minutes, admixed with ethyl acetate and 1 N HCl, and the aqueous phase was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases ere dried (MgSO₄), the solvents were stripped off, the residue was mixed with dichloromethane and the precipitate was separated off.

Yield: 463 mg (41%, diastereomer A).

The filtrate is concentrated and the residue is purified by MPLC.

Yield: 335 mg (29%, diastereomer B) and 85 mg (19%, diastereomer A).

Example 1

(Diastereomer A)

R_(f) (I, 20:1)=0.16

MS (DCI/NH₃): m/e=330 [M+NH₄ ⁺]

Example 2

(Diastereomer B)

R_(f) (I, 20:1)=0.16

MS (EI): m/e=335 [M+Na⁺]

Example 3 and Example 4

(+)-(3aS,5R,6aS)-5-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one (Example 3) and (−)-(3aS,5S,6aS)-5-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cylcopental[c]furan1-one (Example 4)

Analogously to the procedure of Examples 1 and 2, the title compound was prepared from the compound of Example 10A (418 mg, 1.5 mmol);

Example 3

Yield: 159 mg (34%, diastereomer A)

[α]_(D) ²⁰=+12.4 (c=0.54, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 2:1)

Example 4

Yield: 216 mg (46%, diastereomer B)

[α]_(D) ²⁰ =−14.7 (c=0.73, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 2:1)

Example 5

(3a″*,5″R*,6a″S*)-(5-Hydroxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahodrocyclopenta[c]furan-1-on-5-yl)-methyl acetate

At 0° C., a solution of the compound from Example 1 (diastereomer A, 80 mg, 0.26 mmol) and triethylamine (90.7 mg, 0.90 mmol) in THF (10 ml) is admixed with acetyl chloride (60.3 mg, 0.77 mmol), and the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture is poured into ethyl acetate and buffer solution (pH=2), the organic phase is washed with buffer solution (pH=2) and dried (MgSO₄), and the solvents are stripped off. The residue is purified by MPLC;

Yield: 93 mg (92%)

R_(f) (II, 20:1)=0.46

MS: (ESI): m/e=377 [M+Na⁺]

Example 6 and Example 7

(3a″S*,5″R*,6a″S*)-(5-Acetoxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-on-5-yl)-methyl acetate (Example 6) and (3a″S*,5″S*,6a″S)(5-acetoxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-on-5-yl)methyl acetate (Example 7)

Analogously to Example 5, the title compounds were prepared from the compound of Example 2 (diastereomer B 80 mg, 0.256 mmol);

Example 6

Yield: 6 mg (6%, diacetate)

R_(f) (II, 20:1)=0.51

MS (DCI/NH₃): m/e=456 [M+NH₄ ⁺]

Example 7

Yield: 55 mg (66%, monoacetate)

R_(f) (II) 20:1)=0.34

MS (DCI/NH₃): m/e=414 [M+NH₄ ⁺]

Example 8

(3aS*,5R*,6aS*)-(6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one)-5-spiro-4′-(1,3-dioxolan-2-one)

A solution of the compound from Example 1 (diastereomer A, 80 mg, 0.26 mmol) and carbonyldiumidazole (40 mg, 0.26 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was heated under reflux for 24 h. The resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction and dried;

Yield: 70 mg (80%)

R_(f) (II, 20:1)=0.27

Example 9

(3aS*,5S*,6aS*)-(6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one)-5-spiro-4′-(1,3-dioxolan-2-one)

Analogously to Example 8, the title compound was prepared from the compound of Example 2 (diastereomer B, 80 mg, 0.256 mmol);

Yield: 30 mg (35%)

R_(f) (II, 20:1)=0.60

Example 10

(3aS*,6aS*)-6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1,5-dione

Analogously to Example 1 and 2, the compound from Example 9A (14.61 g, 52.49 mmol) was reacted with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (12.29 g, 104.97 mmol) and osmium tetroxide (2.5% in t-butanol, 17.8 ml). The crude product was taken up in acetone (500 ml) and water (250 ml), admixed at 0° C. with sodium periodate (16.83 g, 78.73 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 14 h. The resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction, the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by MPLC;

Yield: 13.55 g (92%)

R_(f) (II, 20:1)=0.57

MS (DCI/NH₃): m/e=298 [M+NH₄ ⁺]

Example 11

(3aS*,6aS*)-(6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one)-5-spiro-2′-(1,3-dithiane)

A solution of the compound from Example 10 (280 mg, 1.0 mmol) and ethanedithiol (0.941 g, 10.0 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was admixed with boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex (27 μl) and stirred at room temperature for 4 days. The mixture was poured into ethyl acetate and water, the organic phase was separated off and the solvents were stripped off. The residue was washed with a little methanol;

Yield: 290 mg (81%)

R_(f) (III, 5:1): m/e=0.29

MS (EI): m/e=356 [M⁺]

Example 12

(3aS*,6aS*)-6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

A mixture of the compound from Example 11 (200 mg, 0.56 mmol) and Raney nickel (cat.) in ethanol (75 ml) was heated under reflux for 14 h. The mixture was filtered (kieselguhr) and the solyent was stripped off;

Yield: 120 mg (80%)

R_(f) (III 5:1)=0.38

MS (ESI): m/e=289 [M+Na⁺]

Example 13

(3aS*,6aS*)-6a-Naphthalen-2-ylhexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1,5-dione-5-5-oxime

A solution of the compound from Example 10 (280 mg, 1.0 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (348 mg, 5.0 mmol) and 1,4-diazabicyclooctane (DABCO, 123 mg, 1.1 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solyent was stripped off, the residue was stirred with water and the product was filtered off;

Yield: 266.5 mg (90%)

R_(f) (III, 1:1)=0.22

MS (ESI): m/e=296 [M+H⁺]

Example 14

(3aS*,6aS*)-5,5-Difluoro-6a-naphthalen-2-yl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

At 0° C., diethylaminosulphur trifluoride (403 mg, 2.5 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound from Example 10 (280 mg, 1.0 mmol) in toluene/dichloromethane (1:1, 20 ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was mixed with methanol and poured into water, and the resulting precipitate was filtered off and purified by MPLC;

Yield: 150 mg (50%)

R_(f) (III, 5:1)=0.22

MS (ESI): m/e=303 [M+H⁺]

Example 15 and Example 16

(3aS*,5S*,6aS*)-5-Amino-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan-1-one hydrochloride and (3aS*,5*R,6aS*)-5-amino-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan-1-one hydrochloride

1.) The compound from Example 10 (216 mg, 0.77 mmol), potassium cyanide (100 mg, 1.54 mmol), ammonium carbonate (370 mg, 3.85 mmol) in dimethylformamide/water (10 ml, 1:1) was stirred at 80° C. in a closed vessel for 20 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (100 ml) and the resulting precipitate was filtered off with suction and washed with water;

Yield: 220 mg (81%) of hydantoin;

R_(f) (III, 20:1)=0.33 and 0.41

2.) Hydantoin (219 mg. 0.625 mmol), bis-tert-butyloxylcarbonyl (BOC₂O, 680 mg, 3.12 mmol), triethylamine (87 μl, 0.6 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 15 mg, 0.012 mmol) in DME (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The reaction mixture was poured into diethyl ether and water (buffer pH=2), the org. phase was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and dried (MgSO₄), the solvents were stripped off and the residue was purified by MPLC;

Yield: 300 mg (87%)

R_(f)=0.43 (III) 2:1) of BOC-protected hydantoin

3.) BOC-protected hydantoin (86 mg, 0.156 mmol), sodium hydroxide (62 m, 1.56 mol) in THF/water (2 ml, 1:1) was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH=8, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH=1 using 1 N Hcl and the water was stripped off. The residue was suspended in methanol and filtered (3×). The combined filtrates were concentrated and the residue was purified by HPLC.

Example 15

(diastereomer A) Yield 15 mg (26%), R_(f) (V)=0.23

Example 16

(diastereomer B) Yield 7 mg (12%), R_(f) (V)=0.07

Example 17 to Example 21

3aS*,5RS*,6aS*)-5-Hydroxymethyl-6a-Naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

At 0° C., a solution of borane-dimethyl sulphide complex (10 M in CH₂Cl₂, 31 μl, 0.33 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound from Example 9A (278 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (6 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for a further 30 min and at room temperature for 3 h. Ethanol (2 ml), 1% NaOH solution (1.6 ml) and 30% H₂O₂ solution (0.2 ml) were then added, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h. The mixture was poured into ethyl acetate and buffer solution (pH=4), the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate, the extract was dried (MgSO₄) and the solvents were stripped off. The residue was purified by MPLC;

Yield: 180 mg (61%, diastereomer mixture)

MS (ESI): m/e=319 [M+Na⁺]

The enantiomers (Example 18, 19, 20 and 21) were isolated by HPLC (Daicel Chiral Chiralpak AD, heptane/ethanol 87:13).

Example 18:

(Fraction 1)

Example 19

(Fraction 2)

Example 20

(Fraction 3)

Example 21

(Fraction 4)

Example 22 and Example 23

(3aS*,5R*,6aS*)-5-Hydroxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one and (3aS*,5S*,6aS*-5-hydroxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

A solution of the compound from Example 10 (1.69 g, 6.04 mmol) in THF (70 ml) was, at 0° C., admixed with a solution of borane-dimethyl sulphide (10 M in THF, 0.187 ml, 1.87 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture is poured into ethyl acetate and water, the org. phase is concentrated and the residue is purified by MPLC;

Example 22

Yield: 0.150 g (8%, diastereomer A)

R_(f) (II, 50:1)=0.23

MS (ESI): m/e=305 [M+Na⁺]

Example 23

Yield: 0.92 g (54%, diastereomer B)

R_(f) (II, 50:1)=0.18

MS (ESI): m/e=305 [M+Na⁺]

Example 24

(3aS*,5RS*,6aS*)-5-Methoxy-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-one

A solution of the compound from Example 22 (diastereomer A, 250 mg, 0.089 mmol) in DMF (1 ml) was admixed with sodium hydride (60% in paraffin oil, 5.3 mg, 0.106 mmol), stirred at room temperature for 1 h, admixed with iodomethane (6.6 μl, 0.133 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 20 h. For work-up, the mixture is admixed with 1 N HCl solution and ether, the organic phase is separated off, the solvents are stripped off and the residue is purified by flash chromatography;

Yield: 9.3 mg (35%)

R_(f) (III, 2:1)=0.35

MS (ESI): m/e=297 [M+H⁺]

The compounds listed in the table below were prepared analogously to Example 24.

Starting material Yield Ex. No. Y Ex. No. [%] R_(f) MS 25

22 and 23 33 0.66 (I, 50:1) 373 [M+H⁺] 26

22 47 0.448 (III, 2:1) 311 [M + H⁺] 27

22 82 0.50 (III, 2:1) 323 [M + H⁺] 28

22 65 0.50 (III, 2:1) 337 [M + H⁺] 29

22 88 0.62 (III, 2:1) 429 [M + H⁺] 30

23 18 0.26 (III, 2:1) 297 [M + H⁺] 31

23 26 0.42 (III, 2:1) 311 [M + H⁺] 32

23 46 0.46 (III, 2:1) 323 [M + H⁺] 33

23 33 0.50 (III, 2:1) 337 [M + H⁺] 34

23 51 0.75 (III, 2:1) 373 [M + H⁺]

Example 35 and Example 36

(3aS*,5R*,6aS*)-5-Methyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-1one and (3aS*,5S*,6aS*)-5-methyl-6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl-hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]furan-1-1one

At room temperature, a mixture of the compound from Example 9A (105 mg, 0.38 mmol) and Lindlar catalyst (100 mg) in THF (15 ml) was stirred under hydrogen (1 atm.) for 48 h. The mixture was filtered, the solvents were stripped off and the residue was then purified by HPLC;

Example 35

Yield: 29 mg (27%, diastereomer A)

R_(f) (II, 10:1)=0.21

MS (ESI): m/e=281 [M+H⁺]

Example 36

Yield: 9 mg (9%, diastereomer B)

R_(f) (II, 10:1)=0.21

MS (ESI): m/e=281 [M+H⁺]

Example 37

(3a″S*,5″RS*,6a″S*)-(6a-naphthalen-2-ylmethylhexahydrocyclopenta[c]]furan-1-on-5-yl)methanesulphonate (Example 37)

At 0° C. methanesulphonyl chloride was added to a solution of the compound form Example 19 and 20 (diastereomer mixture, 87 mg, 0.31 mmol) and triethylamine 107 μl, 0.77 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with buffer solution (pH=2) and dried (Na₂SO₄), and the solvents were stripped off under reduced pressure;

Yield: 104 mg (94%, diastereomer mixture)

R_(f) (III, 1:1)=0.29 and 0.35

Example 38 and Example 39

cis-exo-6-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-(2-naphthylmethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one (Example 38) and cis-endo-6-ethoxycarbonyl-1-(2-naphthylmethyl)-3-oxa-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one (Example 39)

Under argon, ethyl dimethylsulphuranylidene-acetate (593 mg, 4 mmol) in 4 ml of toluene is added dropwise over a period of 5 min to a boiling solution of 3-(2-naphthylmethyl)-5H-furan-2-one (449 mg, 2 mmol) in 2 ml of dry benzene. The mixture is heated under reflux for another 14 h. The solvent is then evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography (mobile phase: cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 3:1). Fraction 1 exo-form, racemic, fraction II endo-form, racemic.

Yield: 200 mg (32.2%).

Beispiel 38

exo

R_(f) (III, 1:1)=0.43

MS (CI): m/e=311 [M+H⁺]

Example 39

endo

R_(f) (III, 1:1)=0.26

MS (CI): m/e=311 [M+H⁺]

Example 40

cis-6-Methoxycarbonyl-1-(2-naphthylmethyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one

Under argon, methyl dimethylsulphuranylidene-acetate (537 mg, 4 mmol) in 4 ml of toluene is added dropwise over a period of 5 min to a boiling solution of 3-(2-naphthylmethyl)-5H-furan-2-one (450 mg, 2 mmol) in 2 ml of dry toluene. The batch is heated under reflux for another 14 h. The solvent is then evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography.

R_(f) (VII)=0.57

MS (CI)=279 [M+H⁺]

Example 41

cis-1-Benzyl-8-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-one

Under argon, a solution of diisopropylamine (3.85 ml, 27.5 mmol) in 20 ml of dry THF is cooled to 0° C. and slowly admixed with butyllithium (11 ml, 27.5 mmol, 2.5M in hexane). With ice-cooling. This solution is stirred for 15 min and then cooled to −78° C. and a solution of cis-8-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-9-one (3.5 g, 25 mmol) in 10 ml of THF is added dropwise. The mixture is stirred at −78° C. for another 30 min and then mixed with benzyl bromide (3.27 ml, 27 mmol). The mixture is then slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 16 h. The solvent is removed and the residue is taken up in 20 ml of dichloromethane and washed 2× with in each case 20 ml of 2 M HCl. The organic phase is dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified by column chromatography (mobile phase: cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 10:1).

Yield: 2.2 g (38.2%).

R_(f) (VI)=0.48

MS (CI): m/e=231 [M+H⁺]

The compounds listed in the table below were prepared analogously to Example 41:

Starting Ex. material Yield MS No. Structure Ex. No. (%) R_(f) [M + H⁺] 42

1A 36 0.48 (III, 3:1) 281 43

2A 60 0.50 (III, 3:1) 229 44

2A 49 0.45 (III, 3:1) 279 45

3A 74 0.62 (III, 3:1) 245 46

3A 24 0.48 (III, 3:1) 295 47

3A 16 0.50 (III, 3:1) 321 48

2A 39  0.44 (III, 10:1) 305 49

1A 59 0.45 (III, 3:1) 307 50

1A 16 0.33 (III, 3:1) 307 51

6A 4 0.62 (III, 1:1) 317 52

4A 2 0.43 (III, 1:1) 291 53

5A 19 0.46 (III, 1:1) 305

Example 54

(3aR*,5aS*)-5a-(Naphth-2-ylmethyl)-tetrahydro-cyclobuta(b)furan-1-one

The crude monoester and 0.14 g (1.38 mmol) of triethylamine were dissolved in 10 ml of THF and then, at −15° C., admixed with 0.14 g (1.3 mmol) of ethyl chloroformate. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour and then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and taken up in 10 ml of methanol. The mixture was admixed with 0.12 g (2 mmol) of sodium borohydride and stirred overnight at room temperature. For work-up, the mixture was admixed with ammonium chloride solution and extracted three times with ethyl acetate, and the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate and then concentrated. The mixture was separated chromatographically over silica gel (mobile phase: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate). This gave two main fractions:

1^(st) . fraction: (3aR*,5aS*)-3a-(Naphth-2-ylmethyl)-tetrahydro- cyclobuta(b)furan-2-one 2^(nd) . fraction: n-Butyl 1-(naphth-2-ylmethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)- cyclobutane carboxylate.

The second fraction was, in a mixture of 2.5 ml of 6 n hydrochloric acid and 2.5 ml of dioxane, heated at 60° C. for 2 h. The mixture was then concentrated and dried under high vacuum. This gives 17 mg (73%) of a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (200 Mhz; CDCl₃) δ [ppm]: 1.9 (br m; 1H), 2.3 (br m; 3H), 3.0 (d+dd; 2H), 3.32 (d; 1H), 3.53 (dd; 1H), 3.92 (d; 1H), 7.28 (dd; 1H), 7.47 (m; 2H), 7.65 (s; 1H), 7.73-7.82 (m; 3H). 

What is claimed is:
 1. Compounds of the general formula (I)

in which A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a)—CHR⁵—,  in which a represents a number 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R⁴ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and R⁵ represents phenyl, or represents (C₂-C₈)-alkanediyl, (C₂-C₆)-alkenediyl or (C₂-C₆) alkinediyl, R¹ represents hydrogen, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or represents a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle which may contain up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, O and N and/or a radical of the formula —NR⁶,  in which R⁶ represents hydrogen or methyl, or represents a 5- to 6-membered benzo-fused heterocycle which may contain up to 2 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, O and N and/or a radical of the formula —NR⁷, and which may be attached both via the phenyl ring and via the heterocycle,  in which R⁷ has the meaning of R⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or represents radicals of the formulae

 in which b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, where all of the ring systems listed above are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy and (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 hetero-atoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano and halogen, and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₆)-alkyl and (C₂-C₆)-alkylene, which for their part may be substituted by halogen, (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or by radicals of the formulae —SR⁸, —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰R¹¹ or

 in which R⁸ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or phenyl, R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G represents an oxygen atom, a —CH₂— group or a radical of the formula —NR¹²—,  in which R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy-carbonyl or a 5- to 6-membered aromatic hetero-cycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, and/or are substituted by groups of the formulae —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹, in which R¹³ represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₉)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

(C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or by a 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O,  in which d represents a number 1 or 2, or represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano or halogen, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, R¹⁶ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl or (C₁-₁₂)-alkyl which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, phenoxy or a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 hetero-atoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, where aryl and the heterocycle for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro or halogen, and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which e represents a number 0 or 1 and R²² represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which is optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, or represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, hydroxyl, nitro and halogen, or represents a radical of the formula

 in which L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen or halogen, R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁹ represents (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, or represents (C₁-C₈)-alkyl or (C₂-C₈)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents, selected from the group consisting of halogen, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷  in which R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical or different and represent (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl or a 5- to 6-membered, aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, or represent (C₂-C₈)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₁₂)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, (C₃-C₆)-cycloalkyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, halogen, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl or by a 5- to 6-membered aromatic heterocycle having up to 3 heteroatoms from the group consisting of S, N and/or O, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, halogen, phenoxy, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹ is optionally substituted by radicals of the formulae

 in which R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or or represents a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,  in which R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by (C₃-C₈)-cycloalkyl or (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl, which for its part is substituted by halogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,  in which R³⁸ represents (C₆-C₁₀)-aryl or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₆)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₆)-acyloxy, or R³⁴ and R³⁵ to(ether with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxy and (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
 2. Compounds of the formula (I) according to claim 1, in which A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a)—CHR⁵—,  in which a represents a number 0, 1, 2 or 3, R⁴ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and R⁵ represents phenyl, or represents (C₂-C₆)-alkanediyl, (C₂-C₄)-alkenediyl or (C₂-C₄)-alkinediyl, R represents hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, thienyl, furyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalinyl or quinolyl, or represents radicals of the formulae

 in which b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or represents phenyl or naphthyl, where all of the ring systems listed above may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl, furyl or benzyloxy, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₅)-alkyl and (C₂-C₄)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, phenyl, naphthyl or by radicals of the formula —SR⁸, —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰R¹¹ or

 in which R⁸ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or phenyl, R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G represents an oxygen atom, a —CH₂— group or a radical of the formula —NR¹²—,  in which R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or furyl, and/or are substituted by groups of the formulae —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹,  in which R¹³ represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₈)-alkyl or (C₂-C₅)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, thienyl or furyl,  in which d represents a number 1 or 2, or represents phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano, fluorine, chorine or bromine, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₅)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, R¹⁶ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₂-C₄)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy naphthyl, pyridyl, thienyl or furyl, where the ring systems for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which e represents a number 0 or 1 and R²² represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, or represents phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, furyl or pyridyl, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or represents a radical of the formula

 in which L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or bromine, R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁹ represents cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₁-C₇)-alkyl or (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷,  in which R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical or different and represent (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl or pyrryl, or represent (C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl or (C₃-C₆)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl or pyrryl, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenoxy, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹ is optionally substituted by radicals of the formula

 in which R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, or represent a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, or R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,  in which R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by trifluoromethyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,  in which R³⁸ represents phenyl or methyl, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent fluorine, chlorine, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₄)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₄)-acyloxy, or R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁹ represents hydrogen or methyl, and R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₅)-alkoxy and (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycarbonyl, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
 3. Compounds of the formula (I) according to claim 1 or 2, in which A represents radicals of the formulae —CH₂—, —CO—, —CR⁴(OH)— or —(CH₂)_(a)—CHR⁵—,  in which a represents a number 0, 1, 2 or 3, R⁴ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl and R⁵ represents phenyl, or represents (C₂-C₄)-alkanediyl, propenediyl or (C₂-C₃)-alkinediyl, R¹ represents hydrogen, cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl, or represents benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, thienyl, quinazolyl or quinoxalinyl, or represents radicals of the formulae

 in which b and c are identical or different and represent a number 1 or 2, or represent phenyl or naphthyl, where all of the ring systems listed above are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or benzyloxy, which for their part may be substituted up to three times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of cyano, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and/or are substituted by (C₁-C₄)-alkyl and (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl, which for their part may be substituted by chlorine, bromine, iodine or phenyl or by radicals of the formula —OR⁹ or —NR¹⁰OR¹¹ or

 in which R⁹ represents hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, phenyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G represents an oxygen atom or a radical of the formula —NR¹²,  in which R¹² represents hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonoyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl or furyl, and/or are substituted by groups of the formulae —CO₂—R¹³, —NR¹⁴R¹⁵, —NR¹⁶CO—R¹⁷, —NR¹⁸CO₂—R¹⁹ and —CO—NR²⁰R²¹,  in which R¹³represents hydrogen, or represents (C₁-C₆)-alkyl or allyl, which for their part may be substituted by radicals of the formulae

phenyl, naphthyl or pyridyl,  in which d represents a number 1 or 2, or represents phenyl, which is optionally substituted by phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by cyano, chlorine or bromine, R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, cyclohexyl, phenyl or (C₁-C₄)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of chlorine and (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, R¹⁶ represents hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R¹⁷ represents hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, or represents (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₈)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy, thienyl or furyl, where the ring systems for their part may be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, and/or alkyl is optionally substituted by a radical of the formula

 in which e is a number 0 or 1 and R²² represents (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, phenyl or naphthyl, which are optionally mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, or represents phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl or furyl, which for their part may optionally be mono- to polysubstituted by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, nitro, fluorine, chlorine and bromine, or represents a radical of the formula

 in which L and M are identical or different and represent hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine, R²³ and R²⁴ have the meaning of R¹⁰ and R¹¹ given above and are identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁸ has the meaning of R¹⁶ given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R¹⁹ represents (C₁-C₄)-alkyl or (C₃-C₅)-alkenyl, which for their part are optionally substituted by substituents selected from the group consisting of chlorine, phenyl, hydroxyl, morpholinyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl and by a group of the formula —SiR²⁵R²⁶R²⁷,  in which R²⁵, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are identical and represent methyl, R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenoxy-substituted phenyl, thiazolyl or pyrryl, or represent (C₂-C₃)-alkenyl, (C₁-C₇)-alkyl or (C₃-C₅)-alkinyl, which are optionally substituted by hydroxyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl or pyrryl, where the ring systems are optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)-alkoxycarbonyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, phenoxy, hydroxyl and (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, and/or the alkyl listed under R²⁰/R²¹is optionally substituted by radicals of the formulae

 in which R²⁸ and R²⁹ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, or R²⁰ or R²¹ represent a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁰ has the meaning of R¹² given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R²⁰ and R²¹ together with the nitrogen atom form a radical of the formula

 in which G′ has the meaning of G given above and is identical to or different from this meaning, R² and R³ are identical or different and represent hydrogen or methyl, and D and E together represent radicals of the formulae

 in which R³¹ and R³² are identical or different represent hydrogen or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, R³³ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxy, (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl, carboxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarboxyl, or represents a radical of the formula —OR³⁷,  in which R³⁷ represents (C₁-C₃)-alkenyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, which for its part may be substituted by trifluoromethyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, or represents a radical of the formula —SO₂R³⁸,  in which R³⁸ represents methyl, R³⁴ and R³⁵ are identical or different and represent fluorine, chlorine, hydroxyl, carboxyl, (C₁-C₃)-acyloxy or amino, or represent (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted by hydroxyl or (C₁-C₃)-acyloxy, or R³⁴ and R³⁵ together with the adjacent ring carbon atom form a radical of the formula

 in which R³⁹ represents hydrogen or methyl, and R³⁶ represents (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl or (C₁-C₃)-alkyl, which is optionally substituted up to 2 times by identical or different substituents from the group consisting of hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxy or (C₁-C₃)-alkoxycarbonyl, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
 4. Compounds of the formula (I) according to claim 1, in which A represents the —CH₂— group, and R¹ represents phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl.
 5. Compounds according to claim 1, selected from the group consisting of:


6. Process for preparing compounds of the formula (I) according to claim 1, by reacting compounds of the general formula (II)

 in which D, E, R² and R³ are as defined above in claim 1, with compounds of the general formula (III), T—A—R¹  (III)  in which T represents halogen, and A and R¹ are as defined above in claim 1, in inert solvents and in the presence of a base.
 7. Pharmaceutical composition, comprising as an active component at least one compound according to a claim 1 mixed together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable, essentially non-toxic vehicle or excipient.
 8. The process of claim 6, wherein T is bromine.
 9. The process of claim 6, further comprising the step of derivatizing the substituent R¹.
 10. A method of preventing and/or treating a disorder caused by the hyper- or hypofunction of the glutamatergic system, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 11. A method of preventing and/or treating cerebral ischaemias, cranial cerebral trauma, states of pain or CNS-mediated spasms, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 